We all use paper — but few give thought to how it actually originated. The fact is, paper has played a key role in the development of most world
cultures, and interestingly, each culture has its own papermaking
techniques.
Five thousand years ago, Egyptians used a marsh grass called Cyperous Papyrus
(the origin of the word Paper) that grew in the Nile valley, to make
paper. They cut thin strips from the plant’s stem and softened them in
the muddy waters of the Nile. These strips were then layered in right
angles to form a kind of mat. The mat was pounded into a thin sheet and
dried in the sun. The resulting sheets were ideal for writing on.
Lightweight and portable, even the Greeks and Romans adopted them for
record keeping, spiritual texts and works of art.
Similar paper-making techniques were adopted by the Mayans during 2nd Century AD.
In the Pacific Islands, a paper was made by beating a fine bark
over specially shaped logs to make clothes and ritual objects. However,
none of these sheets would qualify as true paper today.
Paper as we know it today comes from another source - China.
Excavations of tombs of the former Han Dynasty (207BC-9AD) have
revealed silk cloth bearing the texts of Lao Tzu - the father of Taoism
(born in 604BC). In 105 AD, Han Emperor Ho-Ti’s chief eunuch T’sai Lun
experimented with a wide variety of materials and refined the process
of macerating the fibre of plants. The resultant mash was mixed with
water in a large vat. Next, a screen was submerged in the vat and
lifted up through the water, catching the fibers on its surface. When
dried, this thin layer of intertwined fiber became what today we call
paper. T’sai Lun’s thin, yet flexible and strong paper with its fine,
smooth surface was known as T’sai Ko-Shi , meaning: “Distinguished
T’sai’s Paper” and he became revered as the patron saint of
papermaking.
Indians used paper from cellulose fibers during 3rd century BC.
The handmade paper industry flourished in India during the Mughal
era.It gradually declined with the establishment of paper mills during
the 18th and 19th centuries. The art of handmade paper making in India
was revived under the inspiration of Mahatma Gandhi.
The notion of paper being used as a practical everyday item
did not occur until the 15th Century. When Johann Gutenburg perfected
movable type and printed his famous bible in 1456, he not only spread
the word of Christianity, but also sparked a revolution in mass
communication. The birth of the modern paper and printing industry is
commonly marked from this date.